References
Ferguson, R. (1998). Representing "race": Ideology, identity, and the media. London: Arnold.
Gauntlett, D. (2002). Media, gender, and identity: An introduction. London: Routledge.
Lacey, N. (1998). Image and representation: Key concepts in media studies. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Malik, S. (2002). Representing black Britain a history of black and Asian images on British television. London: SAGE Publications.
Perry, I. (2004). Prophets of the hood: Politics and poetics in hip hop. Durham: Duke University Press.
Wingwood, G M. (2003). Prospective Study of Exposure to Rap Music Videos and African American Female Adolescents’ Health [http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.93.3.437]
Johnson. J D. (1995). Differential gender effects of exposure to rap music on African American adolescents' acceptance of teen dating violence
[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01544683#page-2]
Brown, J D. (2006)Sexy Media Matter: Exposure to Sexual Content in Music, Movies, Television, and Magazines Predicts Black and White Adolescents' Sexual Behavior
[http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/117/4/1018.short]
DuRant R H. (1997). Tobacco and alcohol use behaviors portrayed in music videos: a content analysis. [http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.87.7.1131]
Media Magazine Notes and quotes
Media Magazine: Issue 36
“Rap began as a social commentary created by young urban artist who spoke of the hardships of life in a still largely racist environment.” The quote shows the origination of rap music and how rap music was like in the past. It also gives an idea to what it was like and how/why it was created. The question I could use from this quote is “is rap music still like that?” If not, then why, and what is it about now and has it been showing a negative representation of youth then as well as now.
“ The work of NWA for example was confrontational dealing with issues such as racial profiling and police brutality unlike the rap designed to have broad appeal, epitomised by the chart topping success of Vanilla Ice in the late 1980s” This quote shows the two types of rap music as the genre of rap is very large. It is essential that different rappers, who are in different stages of their careers, will rap about different subjects in order to sell and not speak the truth. An example of this is Nines (whom has spoken the truth so far in his lyrics), and Chip (who came from a grime background, who went into the pop rap in order to sell).
“There was a spate of urban riots in UK cities in 1981 with 'Ghost Town' voicing hopelessness of life deprived urban environments. The riots had a racial element and The Specials were one of many groups who continued to speak out against far-right political activism and attempted to present the values of cultural diversity within their music” This shows, that it wasn't just rap music that was used to get a point across, however they were not condemned by the government to an extent black youth and rappers are. Why is that? Maybe because there was no swearing or it was an a typical genre and it had a mixture of both black and white people in their band.
Media Magazine: Issue 45
“Lil Ze in City of God and Hubert in La Haine are both drug dealers. Lil Ze is a typical crime film villain; the audience watches his rise to the top, followed by his subsequent decline and death. He is violent and psychotic, with no remorse for his actions or sympathy for his victims. He is a cocaine dealer, rapist and gang leader; out of control, hungry for power and desperate to control the favela.”
This quote show that there is a negative representation of black people, which has be projected on to probably the most mainstream platform, film. This supports my statement because a white writer of City of God, Braulio Mantovani has used those stereotypes in his movie. However, this may not be the case as “The favelas were initially created to house freed slaves, and therefore black people are massively over-represented in this setting.”
Media Magazine: Issue 35
“It has been argued that films and media like this indicate that: the working class itself has been dehumanised – now to be feared and simultaneously served up as entertainment Cruddas, quoted in Harris, 2006 'It has been argued that films and media like this indicate that: the working class itself has been dehumanised – now to be feared and simultaneously served up as entertainment Cruddas,' quoted in Harris, 2006” The majority of black youths living on estate fall into this category, which means this quote may show that black youth are dehumanised and feared. This is a representation that is given for them.
“On the other hand, two more recent films have shown the council estate youth in a slightly more positive light. Fish Tank (Andrea Arnold, 2009) and Attack the Block, left (Joe Cornish, 2011) feature protagonists who may look and sound like stereotypical chavs, but who are revealed to be creative, loyal, fiercely independent and resourceful young people who are a product of their environment” This quote opposes my statement, as black youth in Attack the block are represented in a better manner. It shows we can’t tar every black person with the same brush. However, black youth may be seen in this way, because Joe Cornish who came from a council estate, may be giving a alternative representation because he knows the truth behind how council estates are. And he may believe it is being misrepresented which caused an uproar with people who believe they are good for nothing.
“As with so many other youth movements – from mods to rockers, hippies and emos – popular music has undoubtedly had a significant role to play in creating and perpetuating the iconic image of the chav. British artists such as N-Dubz have been referred to as chavs; Dappy in particular, with his stringy hat and controversial brushes with the law, conforms to the typical idea of the aggressive, rude and almost comical image of the chav.”
As a result of the representation of rappers, people who listen to certain musicians get tarred with the same brush, which means people that listen to N Dubz are classed as chavs, aggressive and rude.
Media Magazine: Issue 41
“Struggling with depression and teenage woes is enough for me to record hundreds of songs. I’ve learnt not to care if people don’t understand the music, because I know they will feel it.”
This quote shows that a lot of rappers just rap how they are feeling and what they do. This is the equivalent to a blog, but maybe on a larger scale.
“Nevertheless, I can’t say all my music makes sense to those who listen to it. It still holds a sense of mystery as to what goes into the creative process (hence the name of my forthcoming debut album Super Arkane). And the one question I’m asked in every interview or by those who hear my raps always seems to be, ‘What inspires you to write?’”
This shows that rappers music is not made to make sense to other people, or fit the social protocol, but it is written in order for those rappers to get down their thoughts and ideas.
